Bahri, S. and Maafi Husin 2025. Modernits Ulama in East Sumatra: The Intellectual Biography of Sheikh Mahmud Khaiyath (1885–1975). Journal of Indonesian Ulama. 1, 2 (Feb. 2025), 99–119. DOI:https://doi.org/10.30821/jiu.v1i2.587.